1. What is Surface Temperature?

The surface temperature is the actual temperature at a planet's surface, which is typically higher than the equilibrium temperature due to the greenhouse effect. It's calculated by adjusting the equilibrium temperature with the greenhouse factor.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the surface temperature equation:

Where:

• \( T_{eq} \) — Equilibrium temperature (K)
• Greenhouse Factor — Dimensionless factor representing greenhouse effect

Explanation: The equation accounts for how greenhouse gases in an atmosphere increase the surface temperature above the equilibrium temperature that would exist without an atmosphere.

3. Importance of Surface Temperature Calculation

Details: Calculating surface temperature is crucial for planetary science, climate studies, and understanding habitable zones. It helps determine if liquid water could exist on a planet's surface.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter equilibrium temperature in Kelvin and greenhouse factor as a decimal (e.g., 0.39 for Earth). Both values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the greenhouse factor for Earth?
A: Earth's greenhouse factor is approximately 0.39, which raises our surface temperature from 255K (equilibrium) to about 288K.

Q2: How does this relate to climate change?
A: Increasing greenhouse gases increases the greenhouse factor, leading to higher surface temperatures.

Q3: What's a typical greenhouse factor for other planets?
A: Venus has an extreme greenhouse factor (~150), while Mars has a very small one (~0.01).

Q4: Why is the exponent 1/4 in the equation?
A: This comes from the Stefan-Boltzmann law, where radiation scales with temperature to the 4th power.

Q5: Can this be used for exoplanets?
A: Yes, but the greenhouse factor must be estimated based on atmospheric composition.